QRSP are generally clonally unrelated, although there have been some reports of clonal dissemination, and fluoroquinolone resistance has now been reported in several international clones (10 13,26).
The findings indicate that linezolid activity remains stable, although there are examples of clonal dissemination within several monitored institutions.
Every ESBL-E found was characterized by ESBL genes PCR amplification and sequencing and the clonal dissemination was assessed by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE).
We note that geographical structuring has recently been observed within a single sequence type using SNP discovery [37] but this very fine-scaled analysis differs from the current study in that informs on more recent clonal dissemination.
One reason for the predominance of this mutation in the study from South Africa could be that it was exclusively detected in the Beijing 220 subgroup, a well-recognized DR strain in the Western Cape Province [47], indicating a clonal dissemination of this DR strain.
The clonal dissemination ratio was indicated intra-hospital transmission.
The clonal dissemination ratio showed limited of inter-hospital transmission.
PFGE revealed an epidemic clonal dissemination of CRPA isolates.
A small clonal dissemination was found, which accounted for 12 PFGE type H isolates.
Occurrence of intra-hospital clonal dissemination enhances the necessity of better observance of infection control practices.
Clonal dissemination provides evidence for the prevalence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii among clinical isolates.
