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Results: In a series of 21 colonoscopies in 20 patients: peak pushing force = 4.4 kg, pulling force = –1.8 kg, anti-clockwise torque = 1.0 Newton meters, clockwise torque = 0.8 Newton meters.
Whether the dipole subjected to clockwise torque or anticlockwise torque is determined by whether the Burgers vector of the crack-nearby dislocation of the dipole is positive or negative.
Perhaps the lack of visible effects on the helical structure of the filaments is due to the differing sense of the two hypothesized torques; the weak to strong transition produces a clockwise torque, twirling results from an anticlockwise torque.
Conversely, an active azimuthal component to the working stroke would apply a clockwise torque to the thick filaments which would over wind a right handed helix and if applied to the thin filament unwind a right handed helix.
The azimuthal movement of the lever arm under this mechanism would not only straighten the cross-bridge but would also impose a clockwise torque on both the thick and thin filament, opposite the one imposed by the weak-to-strong transition.
It appears to work quite well in the transverse colon… The other thing to remember is that not all loops will be relieved by clockwise torque.
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This directionality is due to the generation of clockwise torques (when viewed from the outside) in the cortical layer.
A gradient in myosin concentration along the AP axis (see plot above) leads to a gradient in active torques (shown here with varying sizes of the clockwise torques), resulting in a chiral flow (red and green arrows) orthogonal to the gradient.
"It's a combination of both anti-clockwise torque and delicate up/down control with the left hand to try to get the scope to go where I want it to".
This generates counter-clockwise torque.
Release the handlebar: the motorcycle will come back to the straight motion; Still on the straight road, push the handlebar with the left hand (i.e. apply a clockwise steering torque): the motorcycle will turn left.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com