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First up was an L.E.D. alarm clock composed of four rearrangable black cubes, each displaying a single red digit, that was inspired by 1980s supercomputers.
Circadian rhythms in mammals are generated by an endogenous clock composed of a central clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and subordinate clocks in all peripheral tissues.
In model systems such as fruit flies and mice, circadian behaviors are maintained by a well-studied core molecular "clock" composed of the transcriptional activators CLOCK and CYCLE (orthologus to BMAL1 in vertebrates) and other positive and negative regulatory components including PERIOD, TIMELESS and CRYPTOCHROME [14], [15], [16].
In the interactions between the "membrane clock" (composed of voltage-dependent sarcolemmal currents and also designated "M clock," "voltage clock," or "ion channel clock") and the "calcium clock" or "Ca2+ clock" (composed of tightly coupled sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ cycling molecules together with the electrogenic sodium-calcium exchanger), cAMP plays an important role [ 9].
Nonetheless, our results indicate that E75 together with UNF (which is not a CLK/CYC target) reinforces the main loop of the core fly clock composed of CLK/CYC and PER/TIM through a feedforward mechanism, showcasing the mechanistic parallels between fly and mammalian clocks.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00426.002 To adapt to daily environmental cycles, most organisms have evolved endogenous clocks composed of cell-autonomous, self-sustained oscillators that drive 24-hr rhythms in biochemistry, physiology and behavior (Bass and Takahashi, 2010; Lowrey and Takahashi, 2011).
In Arabidopsis, the core loop of the circadian clock is composed of the transcription factors Circadian Clock Associated 1 (CCand and Late Elongated Hypocotyl (LHY), which are positively regulated by Timing of Cab Expression 1 (TOC1) and CCA1 Hiking Expedition (CHE) (McClung 2006, 2010; Pruneda-Paz and Kay 2010).
Additionally, characterizing new posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms, such as alternative splicing of clock gene transcripts, has allowed us to understand that the circadian clock is composed of many layers of regulation.
The molecular mechanism of SCN clock function, composed of several rhythmically expressed genes, consists of interacting positive and negative transcription/translation feedback loops [59].
The molecular clock is composed of interconnected feedback loops of gene transcription and translation in which the heterodimeric CLOCK/BMAL1 transcription factor complex activates the transcription of repressor clock genes such as the Period genes (Per1 and Per2) and Cryptochrome genes (Cry1 and Cry2).
The prevalent view in cognitive theories of psychological time is that humans and other animals time multiple durations by using a single stopwatch with a clock stage composed of a pacemaker whose pulses are passed through a switch into an accumulator, the output of which is manipulated by simple arithmetic [5].
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