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The various approaches to alleviate this problem in OFDM-based systems can be classified into five categories: clip effect transformation [2], coding [3], frame superposition using reserved tones [4], expansible constellation point: tone injection [4] and active constellation extension [5], and probabilistic solutions [6 13].
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The primary scales form to connect the isolated oxide ridges, while the secondary scale's peak clipping effect may cause the surface morphology more and more even.
We refer to this issue as the clipping effect.
Consequently, the clipping effect creates distortions in the PLE estimation.
The consequences of the clipping effect on a WSN/WUSN testbed are as follows.
The clipping effect is caused by the limitations of the receiver circuitry of the sensor node.
The clipping effect mentioned in Section 4 is observed in Figure 11(a).
The clipping effect is challenging because it depends specifically on the hardware.
Also SBE can be attacked by ciphertext only, based on the analysis of the colour clipping effect as follows.
Especially, the colour clipping effect when involving DC sign bits makes this configuration hardly suited for transparent encryption.
The colour clipping effect can be seen on the images on the right side involving encryption of the DC coefficients.
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