A pathway to develop multiplex serology tests for infectious disease diagnosis described here serves as a model for multiplex immunoassay design, clinical validation, refinement and implementation.
Although it is not possible to use food/water consumption as the basis for determining individual end points in mice housed socially in individually ventilated cages, by quickly detecting the onset of clinical signs refinements such as warmth or soaked diet can be introduced to cages when most needed.
For potential clinical applications, further refinement to obtain Re 2-arylbenzothiazoles with better binding affinities (<10 nM) will likely be needed.
YMB and CYL participated in the study design, the administration of clinical validation and refinement of the manuscript.
In summary, in contrast to more traditional cancer therapies, the development, clinical use and refinement of imatinib and other targeted therapies could not have occurred without the considerable groundwork of biologists from many different disciplines.
In a recent structured review on possible indicator refinement, clinical experts cited diagnoses from prior hospitalizations within the past year and information derived from pharmaceutical data as important risk adjustment covariates [ 22].
In the second decade of transcatheter aortic valve replacement, clinical experience and refinements in valve design have resulted in clinical drift towards lower patient risk cohorts.
By 1965, after a decade of clinical trials and refinements, the methods they devised, which involved combining as many as four drugs, had increased the survival rate to about 40 percent five years after treatment.
This first consensus conference on the pathological criteria for CTE represents the first step along the path to standardizing the neuropathology of CTE and paving the way for future determinations of specific clinical symptomatology and refinements in clinical diagnosis.
Therefore, we assess efforts aimed at disentangling issues of causality, and showcase the shifting research landscape towards endophenotype refinement in clinical and preclinical settings.
