The paper describes the technique for building the local empirical model and the results of comparing its diurnal, seasonal, and solar activity specifications with the standard IRI-2007 climodelogical model for the same period of time, and retrospective observational data from the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (1976 2002) and a collocated Digisonde (1989 1990, 1998 2004).
The paper describes the technique used to build the local empirical model and discusses its diurnal, seasonal, and solar activity specifications in comparison with the standard IRI-2007 climodelogical model for the same period of time, long-term observations from the European Incoherent Scatter UHF radar (1988 1999), and the high-latitude ionosondes data.
The frequency of erythemal surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation anomalies were the number of times between 2000 and 2004 that the monthly average exceeded the climatological mean plus one standard deviation [42].
Nevertheless, we do not understand why temperatures "above the long-term climatological average by one standard deviation" are considered "significantly high" by Jutla and colleagues.
The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), a joint project of URSI and COSPAR, is the de facto international standard for the climatological specification of ionospheric parameters and as such it is currently undergoing registration as Technical Specification (TS) of the International Standardization Organization (ISO).
The effect of background SST variability on the results of this study is evaluated by repeating the future projections using a bleaching metric based on the standard deviation (σM) of the SSTs from the climatological maximum month in the 1985–2000 satellite climatology.
(2013) were followed to calculate objectively analyzed climatological mean fields of conductivity for the period 1981 2010 at 102 standard depth levels from the surface to 5500 m depth.
Drought intensity is defined as the number of negative standard deviations between the observed soil moisture value and the respective normal climatological conditions.
Overall, after the systematic errors of the tropospheric opacity and the brightness temperature spectrum were corrected by the assistance of the sonde data and MLS climatological profiles, the retrieved O3 profiles were in reasonable agreement with the satellite data with standard deviations of 5 10%%.
Full fields of standard error of the mean and observed minus analyzed difference are provided with the climatological mean fields of conductivity at https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa13/.
