Although frequently characterized as 'extrabasinal' or 'upland' elements, this study confirms that these unusual plants occupied Pennsylvanian tropical lowlands during episodes of climatic drying.
Extinction due to patch loss was highest when wetlands were removed in increasing size order (smallest to largest) – a plausible scenario arising from forecast climatic drying in the region.
Aspen decline is complex, but results largely from two factors widely divergent in temporal scale: (1) Holocene climatic drying of the region has led to water limitation of aspen seedling recruitment, and (2) anthropogenic fire suppression during the 20th century has allowed shading of aspen clones by fire-intolerant conifers.
eTank was used to calculated potential water savings in three climatic conditions (dry, average and wet years) for various combinations of roof and tank sizes.
The proposed approach is based on a set of maps, which are derived from two related climatic indexes: dry bulb temperature to wet bulb temperature depression (DBT−WBT), representing the climatic opportunity, and 26 °C minus wet bulb temperature (26 °C−WBT), representing the climatic opportunity against the theoretical cooling requirement for each location.
The comparative results between the environmental and meteorological variables (Tab. 1) at the different points and exposure periods corroborate those reported by Rosa et al. [ 33] about the delimitation of two well-defined climatic periods (dry and rainy).
10 In the last two decades, two ST clonal complexes, ST-5 and ST-7, have been responsible for African meningitis belt outbreaks due to serogroup A. 15 The patterns in the region are linked to environmental factors, such as climatic changes (dry season, winds of the Harmattan), coinfection, crowding, and specific population susceptibility.
The Limpopo River's lower and middle courses reflect climatic changes, drying to a series of pools in the winter months and reaching flood proportions in the summer.
According to MOA (1998), the area is characterized by two agro-climatic zones: dry lowland (hot to warm moist lowlands) and wet lowland (subhumid lowlands).
The Sahara is dominated by two climatic regimes: a dry subtropical climate in the north and a dry tropical climate in the south.
Therefore, we assume that most of these shifts were triggered by drier climatic conditions and especially a dry summer season that promoted ignition and biomass burning.
