This is part of the global climate data provided by NOAA through the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) programme.
In 2009 in Copenhagen, hopes were high for a forest-financing mechanism as part of a global climate deal which would recognise the climate services provided by those forests.
Further, climate models provided by the authoritative Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) show future temperature and precipitation patterns, but at enormous scales.
Those who think there is an incentive for countries to 'free-ride' on the climate protection provided by others are very much mistaken," says Green. "Countries should see the climate talks in Paris this December as an opportunity to work with each other to deliver as quickly as possible the mutual gains that can result from decarbonising the economy".
The system uses global climate models provided by NOAA's North American Multi-Model Ensemble project and selects the best models based on Colombia's particular climate.
"Our reconstructions indicate that there are clear climate precursors provided by the ocean state — like warning signs, so to speak," says lead author Francesco Muschitiello, who completed the work as a postdoc at Lamont-Doherty and now works at the University of Cambridge.
A vegetation map is also critical to assessing climate benefits provided by the landscape, such as the amount of carbon being absorbed from the atmosphere or the degree to which the landscape is buffering extreme weather events.
The meso-scale (1 to 100 km) climate surfaces provided by most GCM outputs are also too coarse to provide correlations of ecological processes and vegetation distribution needed for understanding threats to biodiversity, and for conservation planning.
Climate data provided by The Weather Company, which is the parent organization of the Weather Channel, can be integrated into a crisis management solution, such as the IBM Intelligent Operations center for Emergency Management.
In the World Bank study, the share of GDP of overall adaptation costs declines from 0.22% in the decade 2010-19 to 0.12% in the decade 2040-49, due to the increased resilience to climate change provided by economic growth.
