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We used the WorldClim [ 109] global climate layers considering all 19 Bioclim variables as an approximation of the climatic niche of the species.
Model calibrations for projections to LGM climate conditions (only for CWR) were carried out at 2.5 arc minute resolution using only WorldClim climate layers (Hijmans et al. 2005) as explanatory variables.
Model calibrations intended for projections to future climate scenarios (period 2040 2069; referred to as 2050s), were carried out at 30 arc sec resolution, using aside from climate layers also altitude, slope, aspect, terrain roughness, direction of water flow and soil type (FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC 2012).
The isoscapes were generated using biophysical models of isotope fractionation and spatially continuous precipitation isotope and climate layers as input model drivers.
Mountain ranges or large ice sheets are reflected in climate layers, as they present major differences in temperature and precipitation profiles.
To create LGM climate layers for use in the ENMs, we used current and LGM monthly climate data at 2.5' spatial resolution.
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If the no sleeve-thing is still proving an issue consider that there are weather-related advantages of investing in a sleeveless coat – especially in contemplation of the unpredictable nature of English climate – layer up for colder weather and strip down to brave bare arms when it gets warmer.
However, a crude measure of model similarity based on the sum of squares of the differences of means for each climate layer suggests C. balearicum is overall the most similar to our ancestral reconstruction.
The model was then applied to the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC) layers to estimate suitable climatic conditions for C. cardinalis during the Last Glacial Maximum.
In this study, we used worldclim v. 1.4, a collection of climate environmental layers at 0.5 arcsec spatial resolution (Hijmans et al. 2005).
These results demonstrate that relatively simple models of leaf water enrichment combined with spatially continuous precipitation isotope ratio and climate data layers yield accurate global leaf water estimates applicable to important questions in ecology and atmospheric science.
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