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The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049 1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century.
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On its own figures, a yes vote would lead to a bonanza in senior civil service jobs in Scotland: existing UK welfare and taxation offices in Scotland are mostly clerical and, after independence, would need many more top managers.
The Cluniac reform, whose influence gradually radiated beyond Cluny and encouraged reforms in other monastic houses, stressed independence from lay control, opposed simony and clerical marriage, and practiced an elaborate routine of liturgical prayer.
The Glagolitic Mass was partly inspired by the suggestion by a clerical friend, and partly by Janáček's wish to celebrate the anniversary of Czechoslovak independence.
Observers say Zapata's legacy holds a special importance for the president, who has promoted his administration as "the Fourth Transformation" in Mexico's history – putting it on the same level of importance as independence from Spain, the revolution, and 19th century legal and anti-clerical reforms.
Temporary work doesn't just mean doing clerical work; a growing number of high- level scientists are discovering that they like the independence it offers.
Drifting in a dead-end clerical job despite her college degree, Tachibana figured that, at 30, she had better buck up if she wanted financial independence.
Computers displaced clerical workers.
But clerical staff?
As part of their attempt to restore the independence and integrity of the clergy, the supporters of the Gregorian reform movement of the 11th century sought to enforce clerical celibacy.
He opposed efforts to expand clerical jurisdictions.
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