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A higher ratio of embankment height to cap beam clear spacing, as well as a higher ratio of cap beam width to clear spacing, would result in a higher stress concentration ratio.
The values of Nγ and Kγ increase with φ and decrease with the clear spacing between the edge of the smooth footing and the rigid vertical walls.
When the embankment height to the cap beam clear spacing ratio, h/s, is less than 1.4, apparent differential settlements may occur on the surface of embankment.
This new approach allows an explanation of the influences caused by (i) contact area, (ii) load configurations, (iii) support conditions, (iv) layup and thickness of the CLT element, and (v) clear edge distances and clear spacing.
A total of 15 model tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of pile subsoil relative displacement, embankment height, cap beam width and clear spacing, and geosynthetics with different tensile strengths on stress concentration ratios and settlements in the embankments.
The magnitude of the factor of safety is generally found to decrease nonlinearly with increasing height of the vertical free-face of the soil, decrease nonlinearly with increasing clear spacing between the two adjacent piles, increase with increasing internal friction angle and increase linearly with increasing soil cohesion.
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Pairings can even clear space for new stories.
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