It is clear that noun phrases perform better than adjective noun phrases.
Pronouns reduce the number of times a noun has to be repeated; make it clear which noun the pronoun refers to.
To illustrate: some languages lack a clear distinction between nouns and verbs.
An "alleged bomber" automatically calls to mind a bomber.Modifiers can make it clear that the noun phrase is not really an instance of the class named in the head: "fake leather" or "vegan chicken wings", say.
(As said in section 1.2, this is even clearer with mass nouns like furniture).
Here, intuitions are very clear: the first noun phrase designates the solid bit of gold a, while the second designates b.
In more SFL terms, while (12a) may be seen as effectively a verb in a noun form (see the discussion of grammatical metaphor below), the same cannot be said for (12c) since it could be expressed as He gave the teacher his exam, where it is clear that the noun denotes a concrete object.
A serial comma here would eliminate the possibility, making it clear that the three noun phrases are distinct.
Such phrases are likely to be judged as intermediate in meaningfulness, making meaningful conceptual combination less clear than for concrete noun pairs.
The masculinity is clear in Spanish, in which nouns have gender.
The distinction between names and appellatives (common nouns) is generally clear: names are used in individual reference, and appellatives can be used in reference to all members of a class or to any number of them (e.g., river, hill, man, girl, car, table, virtue, and so on).
