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Individuals are born susceptible (S), might become carriers of a meningococcal strain that is vaccine preventable (M) or non-vaccine preventable (N), and after a period of time clear carriage and recover (r) to return to the susceptible state.
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The monthly rates of within-room transmission, community acquisition and clearing carriage were estimated.
In our model, the hazard of clearing carriage depends on the time of acquisition.
In 1 study, only 6.8% of colonized patients cleared carriage over 3 years of follow-up (14 ).
We found that children simultaneously carrying 2 different serotypes cleared carriage of either of the serotypes at the same rate as children carrying only 1 serotype.
The difference in carriage was explained by the higher rates of transmission and community acquisition as well as a lower rate of clearing carriage in younger DCC attendees in the Portuguese data.
The Portuguese DCC attendees also appeared to clear colonisation slower than their Finnish counterparts, with a crude rate of clearing carriage μ ^ of 0.33 (per month) in Portugal and 0.54 (per month) in Finland.
In summary, the hazard rate for child i moving from state r to state s at time t was defined as (1) α i r, s t = α i s t, if r = 0, i. e. for acquiring serotype s when non-carrier ; φ α i s t, if r, s > 0, i. e. for acquiring serotype s when carrier of serotype r ; α i 0 t, if s = 0, i. e. for clearing carriage of any serotype r.
But when one looks at the mechanics of the horse-and-buggy era, it quickly becomes clear that carriage makers and carriage parts makers would serve as much better case studies of attempted technological adaptation.
The obvious difference between both transmission roles is that hand hygiene will not clear persistent carriage.
I headed uphill, on the newly cleared original carriage road.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com