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Cleaning samples after EBL comprises several steps.
For cleaning, samples were boiled in acetone for 10 min, followed by their immersion in ethanol for 5 min to remove organic greases.
After cleaning, samples were immersed for a short duration (3 min) in a HF/AgNO3 solution with the same concentrations used for sample A. In Figure 5, we show a top SEM image of one sample where we observe silver nanoparticles deposited in the HF/AgNO3 (image a).
On day 60, immediately following the CE, dissolved copper concentrations associated with the BMP and non-BMP treated panels were higher compared to the untreated (no cleaning) samples.
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To quantify the dissolved and particulate masses released during the cleaning events (CEs), three representative areas from each panel were cleaned using the in-water hull cleaning sampling device outfitted with the designated treatment method (ie BMP or non-BMP) (Chadwick et al. 2008).
Data cleaning, sample preparation, sample ordering, algorithm selection and parameter tuning are all the bread and butter of machine learning, long predating the deep learning revolution.
This can be therefore considered as the most likely source for the presence of wax in the superficial deposit and as single tiny drops over the stone material, although the presence of residual traces of an intentional waxing treatment cannot be excluded.The morphological characterization by ESEM-EDX of the stone surface before cleaning (sample S02, see Figure 1) is reported in Figure 3.
Several areas corresponding to the skin of some sculpted figures and objects (i.e., the hand and arm of an angel, the back of the donkey, the sack of S. Joseph) show a particularly smooth and reflective surface which has been defined as "polished surface".Optical microscopy and ESEM-EDX documentation of the stone substrate after cleaning (sample S02, see Figure 1) is reported in Figure 11.
For this study, SRCE represents dissolved and particulate copper released as a direct result from BMP and non-BMP cleaning activities collected using the hull cleaning sampling chamber.
During the CE on day 60, each test panel was tested in triplicate utilizing the in-water hull cleaning sampling method (Chadwick et al. 2008).
Passive leaching of total and dissolved copper was measured utilizing the SSC Dome technique (Seligman & Neumeister 1983) and the in-water hull cleaning sampling method was used to measure the particulate loading associated with cleaning activities (Chadwick et al. 2008).
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