Reports have indicated successful cleaning of soiling from collagen artefacts using nanosecond UV/IR Nd YAG lasers with the first harmonic (1064 nm) and fourth harmonic (266 nm) [4 6].
Bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction is a promising method for the cleaning-up of soils contaminated by metals.
If the inhabitants did not particularly stress the plants depolluting the land, we found this aspect highlighted by designers [ phytoremediation, the cleaning of the soil, and you can see it very well, and where it is, not excavating, not covering it, as it normally does, and it's a circular things for us. Try to get something that's very linear, like taking away soil, more circular" (D4)].
The intervention consisted of a series of institutional and low-cost engineering controls including the capping of lead contaminated surface soils, cleaning of home interiors, an education campaign and the construction of a work-clothes changing and bathing facility.
The seemingly simple process of cleaning a soiled surface is, in fact, complex and consists of the following physical-chemical steps: Wetting of the surface and, in the case of textiles, penetration of the fibre structure by wash liquor containing the detergent.
But the cost of cleaning contaminated soil and groundwater is the property owner's burden.
Fig. 6 (Left) An effective non-complete laser cleaning result for removal of soiling particles on the historical vegetable tanned leather surface using ps emitting at 1064 nm using fluence 2 J cm−2 and 1 scan (OM 10x).
Right satisfactory cleaning results for removal of soiling particles on the historical vegetable tanned leather surface using ps emitting at 1064 nm using fluence 2 J cm−2 and 3 scans OM 10×).
Graphical abstract The graphical abstract shows the selected metal buckels covered with leather for this study (fig. 1), the chemical composition of the soiling (Fig. 2) and laser cleaning tests for removal of soiling over the vegetable tanned leather (figs. 3 and 6).
Happy International Year of Soils!
