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Finally, the thickness of the layers in the crystal structure of montmorillonite and the patterns generated by XRD indicate that following purification, the clay comprised crystal layers on the top of each other (Fig. 7).
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The marine clay comprises a soft upper marine clay layer overlying a stiffer lower marine clay layer.
The soil characteristic was silty clay comprising 46% clay, 46% silt, and 8% sand.
The core displayed, with increasing depth, a microbial mat, a goethite-rich sediment from the flowing acidic ferric sulfate-rich stream (FlowMG1a – FlowMG1c) and underlying quartz sands and clays (comprised of minor kaolinite and microcline).
A synthetic clay comprising sodium bentonite mixed with diluted glycerin was used as the model soil and 1-G similitude theory was employed to maintain model to prototype similarity.
It is a silty-clay soil comprised of 39.1% clay, 50.8% loam and 10.1% sand, with an organic matter content of 7.87%, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of 20.1 cmol+ kg−1 and the water content at field capacity was 51%.
In the unaltered state the clay is comprised of smectite, maghemite, superparamagnetic goethite, and hematite, with a possible trace of kaolinite.
The Si isotope compositions in the clay fraction (comprised of primary and secondary minerals) document an increasing light 28Si enrichment and depletion with soil age, respectively in illuvial B horizons and eluvial E horizon.
Finally, the thickness of the layers in the crystal structure of montmorillonite and the patterns generated by XRD indicate that the clay was comprised of crystal layers on top of each other following purification (Fig. 5) (Khoeini et al. 2009).
Results show that clastic sediment is dominated by silt and fine sand, with clay mineralogy comprising primarily Fe-rich smectite.
Deeper aquifer occurs below this clay bed, comprising fine to medium sand; and the aquifer is laterally extensive and is marked as Pleistocene age.
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