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Accordingly, this study aimed at examining science and biology teachers' perceptions of teaching evolution; specifically, their perceptions of the necessity of addressing evolution in their classrooms, perceptions of the factors that impede addressing evolution in their classrooms and their personal science teaching efficacy beliefs regarding evolution.
Likewise, the "understanding of evolution and nature of science" variate accounts for 3.2% of the variance in the "acceptance of evolution, perceptions of the necessity of addressing evolution in the classrooms, perceptions of the factors that impede addressing evolution in the classrooms, and self-efficacy beliefs about teaching evolution" variables (Table 7).
Redundancy values indicated that the "acceptance of evolution, perceptions of the necessity of addressing evolution in the classrooms, perceptions of the factors that impede addressing evolution in the classrooms, and self-efficacy beliefs about teaching of evolution" variate accounts for 7.3% of the variance in the "understanding of evolution and nature of science".
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The student questionnaire included three sections: the participants' basic information, the actual form for classroom perception questions, and the preferred form for classroom perception questions.
In the same research context, Alkharusi et al. (2014b) investigated how teachers' classroom assessment practices and students' perceptions of classroom assessment tasks related to student academic self-efficacy by collecting data from 1, 457 secondary school students and 99 teachers.
The present study, however, uses systematic classroom observation rather than student perceptions to assess classroom learning environments in rural schools.
To determine student perceptions of classroom activities, Persian version of 'Students Perceptions of Classroom Activities' scale designed and validated by Gentry and Gable (2001) and translated to Persian by Ghanizadeh and Jahedizadeh (2015a) was utilized.
The implication from prior research is that students' outcomes might be related to perceptions of classroom learning environment; in other words, students' achievement might be improved by creating better classroom learning environments (Fraser, 1986; Madu, 2010; Tas, 2016).
Table 3 shows descriptive statistics of perceptions of classroom activities.
There are several instruments used in prior research to assess perceptions of classroom learning environment.
Table 3 Descriptive statistics of perceptions of classroom activities N Minimum Maximum Mean Std.
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