The challenges of R&D mapping are large because there are few standards for research classification and governance and limited capacity to report on R&D data, especially in low-income countries.
Classification into the governance ideal types provided insight in the position of communities within the subsystem.
Both the rules for the sport and approval of classifications were the responsibility of the Fédération International de Natation Amateur FINAA) until 1992, when the International Paralympic Committee took over the governance of classification.
What our framework aims at though is offering a classification of modes of governance that entails particular actor roles.
This classification of modes of governance helps to chart the territory in which agential and epistemic inclusion are to be pursued.
In this light, we propose to put together a classification of modes of governance along two dimensions that allow for both an epistemic and an agential specification: their level of inclusiveness and their level of closure.
We have already mentioned some classifications of modes of governance, which have been suggested along various dimensions.
But dissolving the public school system would require action in the Legislature, or else the City Council would have to change Milwaukee's city classification, sparking other changes in governance, said Patrick Gasper of the Wisconsin Department of Education.
Fig. 2 A two-dimensional classification of conventional modes of governance (original).
Of course, the inclusion of a broad range of kinds of knowledge brings challenges of its own, and this is exactly where the classification of the modes of governance developed in this paper offers more specified advice.
