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In journeys of only a few miles it is possible to pass through a succession of different soil structures such as from chalk down to alluvial river valley, from limestone to sandstone and acid heath, and from clay to sand each type of soil bearing its own class of vegetation.
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Model results indicate a long-term decrease in multiple size classes of vegetation across all the four land systems.
The limited knowledge of the rainfall pattern in the region led to the implementation of a simple rainfall correction method based on a single interpolated rainfall time series and specific vegetation response time for different classes of vegetation.
Subsequent integration of the LIDAR and digital image classification schedules resulted in accuracy improvements of 16 to 20%, resulting in a superior final accuracy of 91% and 80.3%, respectively, for the three and eight classes of vegetation.
Among the land cover schedules with three and eight classes of vegetation, classification from the multispectral imagery, specifically the hybrid color composite image, had the highest accuracy, peaking at 74.6% and 59.4%, respectively.
We attributed the vegetation structures to five classes of vegetation structure types (Additional file 1: Table S5), i.e. deciduous forest (DEC), pine forest (PIN), spruce forest (SPR), heathland (HEA) and semi-natural grassland (GRP), based on difference in canopy characteristics, litter production, growth and vegetation management.
A final land cover map including 8 classes of vegetation, fresh and saline water, as well as bare ground, was created for the study area with an overall accuracy of 83.9%, highlighting the benefit of integrating LIDAR and multispectral imagery for enhanced vegetation classification in heterogenous rangeland environments.
We refer to vegetation types as broad classes of wildland vegetation that were identified in the GIS.
Surveys were undertaken at focal trees located in different classes of remnant vegetation that became embedded within the plantations as well as in the plantation matrix itself.
Bird surveys were undertaken at focal trees located in different classes of remnant vegetation, which became embedded within the plantations as well as in the plantation matrix itself.
The user's accuracy of vegetation class was 69% when using aerial imagery only.
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