IN addition, the S.E.C. has proposed a rule aimed at clarifying when investors are eligible to pay a reduced front-end load.
In its 1986 decision in Thornburg v. Gingles, the Supreme Court issued guidelines clarifying when states had to draw black districts or probably lose legal challenges.
The model described in the paper also offers insights into a host of real-world situations ranging from politics to the boardroom and beyond, clarifying when people should care about motives as well as whether policymakers should respect these considerations.
Since last April, the federal government has sought to resolve confusion over privacy laws, including proposing regulations last month clarifying when a student's health information can be released and when parents can be called.
Russia's first preference, Mr. Shlegel said, is to persuade other nations to form a common, international set of rules for social networking sites and crowdsourced news, clarifying when countries could block pages to comply with national laws.
He is calling for workers to receive at least one month's notice of big changes to their workload, a written contract detailing pay rates and bonus schemes, and a new government code clarifying when someone should be classed as self-employed, a worker or an employee.
