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There was no clear trend of stress triaxiality for either material strength, tool clearance or clamping configuration, but there was still a large spread of measured values.
Tool clearances of 0.05h, 0.10h, 0.15h, and 0.20h, where h is the sheet thickness, were evaluated for all combinations of rake angle and clamping configuration.
The experiments were performed in a symmetric set-up with large stiffness and stable tool clearances, using various combinations of tool clearance and clamping configuration.
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Clearances (expressed as fractions of sheet thickness h) and clamping configurations are indicated in the figure legend.
Steel sheets of two strength levels, two clamping configurations and three clearances, expressed as fractions of sheet thickness h, were used.
The various combinations of clearances and clamping configurations which were used for shearing the sheets are shown in Table 2. Two experiments were performed for each indicated combination in Table 2. Table 2 Combinations of clearances, material grades and clamping configurations used for shearing the sheet samples.
All trends in the forces from variations of the tool clearance and clamping configurations, and the general shape of the force curves, were the same in the simulations shown here as in the experiments by Gustafsson et al. (2016b).
For parallel tools (Figs. 7 and 8), the variation in force among the tested clearances and clamping configurations followed the same trends as observed by Gustafsson et al. (2016).
Since these boundary conditions can develop progressive moments, the ideal simple supported bi-articulated configuration of the actuator is no longer valid, and virtual clamped configuration appears with friction moments that substantially modify the buckling analysis.
In all experiments with angled tools, the sheet is clamped against the upper straight tool and free to move at the v-shaped tool, but due to unsheared material that counteracts the rotation of the free end, a F y somewhere between those calculated from shearing with parallel tools in one and two clamped configuration can be anticipated.
We used CsMeSO3-based pipette solution to isolate GABA ergic (outward directed) currents in voltage clamped configuration by applying 0 mV holding potential to eliminate glutamat ergic currents.
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