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On the one hand, there are those that attribute either kinematic or dynamic properties to the atom; that is, "space-time descriptions" are complementary to "claims of causality", where Bohr interpreted the causal claims in physics in terms of the conservation of energy and momentum.
Therefore, we avoid making any strong claims of causality in the discussion of the results.
The anti-vaccination movement has been fueled by fraudulent science (the Wakefield vaccination-autism link scandal), celebrity claims of causality (e.g., Jenny McCarthy and Aidan Quinn), and apathy.
Also, the data used here are descriptive, which may help to explain how resources are being used both across regions and globally; however, they cannot be used to make claims of causality.
The cross-sectional nature of our study precludes strong claims of causality.
An additional limitation is that the data are cross-sectional, thus we cannot make claims of causality and alternative explanations for the findings could be made.
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For the qualitative part, we used expert judgment (provided by the thematic experts participating in the project) to evaluate the knowledge base to support the claim of causality between exposure and effect and other main factors affecting the model uncertainty.
Johnson and Cloonan avoid claims of direct causality, but they refuse to rule out links between violence in music — in terms both of lyrical content and of raw decibel impact — and violence in society.
We examined the strengths and weaknesses of research onto the causality of relationship between diagnosis and therapy of major depressive disorder and suggest what could be done to strengthen eventual claims on causality.
So we're not making any claim to causality here.
Both are claimed to analyze some measure of causality in the brain, and both can be used to investigate network function and network dynamics (i.e. information flows).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com