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In our analysis, we show that for exploratory studies with an average 20% power, together with average one in four pre-study odds that the effect being sought is actually true, the likelihood that any claimed effect (based on passing a conventional level of statistical significance) actually is true is only 50%.
As a result, there have been instances where companies have submitted applications to the EFSA to make a health claim related to a nutricosmetic product, but the claim has been rejected because the regulators do not deem the claimed effect to be related to health.
The campaign has been conducted in PR terms rather than on actual evidence, and there is a huge gulf between what the supporters claim the bill says, and what it actually says, which results in a similar gulf between the claimed effect and what would likely happen in reality.
Whether the microbubbles and their "claimed effect" are a consequence of thermal or other non-thermal effects is not established.
This in-vitro study provides the first scientific evidence on the claimed effect of Ficus Deltoidea on uterine contraction.
Assuming that the claimed effect of meclizine in male mice on renal ischemia reperfusion injury is real, there are still a couple of uncertainties that hinder translation to humans.
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Alas, scientists at other laboratories tried but failed to reproduce the claimed effects.
Some participants were not convinced of their claimed effects or reported experiencing no effects.
There are several claimed effects of curcumin, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and so forth.
It is obvious that all the above-mentioned studies can be helpful for elucidating the claimed effects of homeopathic preparations.
Gastric ulceration is highly prevalent in horses, and there is a large commercial market for feed-additives and non-licenced products that claim effect for prevention and treatment of gastric ulceration.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com