Without knowing it, the child resuscitated an ancient civic and aesthetic controversy -- a standoff, really, between the civic impact of graffiti and its artistic status.
For all of the festival's glitzy pageantry, civic impact and expansion plans, there is one arena in which it has yet to make an impact: in the industry that spawned it.
"City of Culture type awards... have a galvanising civic impact on the city concerned," he said.
"There aren't many companies who have been able to pair business success and positive political and civic impact in the world," Lindsay wrote.
The program is a six-month commitment to develop a project that applies art and technology for social and civic impact.
Because social media is in the spotlight as a feeder of anti-social, anti-civic impacts, and public opinion about the societal benefits of these platforms appears to be skewing towards the negative.
How has experience in the labour market impacted on social participation; or experience of civic participation impacted on identity at the local level?
But if they're not taking responsibility for negative civic and societal impacts, regulators are going to have to make them act with more care.
Goodman and Wright (2015) assess the impact of civic integration policies on immigrants' social integration and report null-findings – policies seem to have little impact, either positively or negatively, on immigrants' self-reported financial well-being and levels of social trust.
Her chief technology officer, Stephanie Hannon, was Google's director of product management for civic innovation and social impact.
Meanwhile, lessons learned from caring can help students develop key critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and volunteering has a positive impact on civic skills but an even larger one on employability.
