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As noted in that review, the assessment of exposure has varied across studies from city level measures to central ambient monitoring locations to complex land-use regression or other spatial exposure models, all of which have the potential to induce substantial measurement error.
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Since GDP is typically measured at the country, not city level, we will be using national GDP measures and national characteristics a century ago.
The literature on the city level presents the indicators to measure SM, and adopts the MCA to obtain the indicators weighting (see, among the others, [55]).
Last year also saw the first attempt to restrict abortion at the city level, and while that Albuquerque measure failed, anti-abortion activists have made clear that it's a tactic they'll try again.
Such an analysis can be used as a reference for policymakers in taking appropriate decisions on disaster risk reduction measures at the city level.
Weather and climate data measured at the city level were obtained from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Vietnam (Loc, 2013).
Only a few of its measures will be implemented at the central city level, and those mainly concern the City working environment (17, p. 8).
Some scientists interested in understanding health hazards in the environment measure such exposure on the city level -- what it looks like in New York City, for example, or San Francisco.
Local and city level plans, such as in Malmö, Bedford and Dundee, focus on urban transport measures and a limited number of regional measures.
Data on 10 key measures are now available at the state, county and city level, providing policymakers with the most comprehensive source of information.
b City level.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com