But perhaps the most advanced approach to using big data to tackle city infrastructure breakdown is IBM's smarter cities business offering.
Some in the city exploited the breakdowns by forming gangs that spread violence.
In contrast to the city's demographic breakdown, in the surrounding metropolitan area European Americans constitute nearly two-thirds of the population, African Americans make up less than one-fourth, and the remainder of the population is of multiethnic heritage.
The data for this dauntingly ambitious project came from a variety of sources, like the city's annual breakdown of all deaths and their causes, and hospitals' records of all the patients they admit.
In disclosing the cost breakdown, city officials denied rumors that had circulated for weeks that they had contemplated buying exotic nonlethal weapons that fired an immobilizing goo, or that used radiation or sonic waves to incapacitate people or vehicles.
Of the nation's largest cities with 2017 breakdowns, Jews were consistently among the top three most targeted groups, and they topped preliminary tallies in Chicago and in Philadelphia as well, where they were tied with African-Americans.
She is known for offering easy-to-understand breakdowns of city finances on a giant whiteboard at City Hall.
"Communitas" attributed the breakdown of city life to consumerism and other modern ills.
