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This could be because Chinese science is poor or because researchers in America, Europe and Japan have an historical bias towards citing each other.
"We got the feeling that we were being whipsawed back and forth because we got the same arbitrator rendering the same decision and citing each decision based on his last one," said Paul Sabatino, counsel to the Suffolk Legislature.
This means, as Helga Konrad, former special representative for the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe on human trafficking, put it to me that everybody ends up 'cutting and pasting', citing each other's publications in a merry-go-round that doesn't actually centre on genuine empirical data.
"We started out with patents and medical documents, and we would look at how different companies were citing each other, how inventors were working together and how scientists co-authoring medical literature were co-authoring papers together," said Alexander Shapiro, the chief executive of TouchGraph, which is not owned by Facebook.
Only three publications are completely left out citing each other, owed to dealing with hormones and lagoon water.
Additional interpretations have been identified at aggregate levels, like e.g. social groups, institutions, scientific communities or even countries citing each other.
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It cites each one as failing to adhere to the clause about accuracy in the editors' code of practice.
While Jersey City does not specifically ban it, there are housing and fencing ordinances that code officers can use to cite property owners and about a dozen are cited each year, said Jennifer Morrill, a spokeswoman for the city.
For now the system only measures "direct influence" between papers that cite each other, says Etzioni, but future versions will account for the indirect influence of papers that cite papers that, in turn, cite other papers, and so on.
Using Track at both ends on one of the participant's names, the conversants could continue as long as they directly cited each other or used the mutual tracked name as a kind of conversation tag.
Studying citations between individuals rather than articles, in [15] it was observed that coauthors tend to cite each other sooner after the publication of a paper (compared to non-coauthors).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com