Other evidence suggests that the majority of chimpanzee innovations are performed by low-ranking individuals, most likely as a means of circumventing competition from dominant group mates [34].
To circumvent this competition, certain viruses have evolved to recruit ribosomes to IRESs (internal ribosome entry sites), highly specialized RNA elements that are located at the 5'-end of the viral genomes.
Both sides were already knocked out of Group D. Portsmouth also set their worst post-war home attendance but they at least reached four figures, with 1,200 turning up at Fratton Park to see their opponents Bristol Rovers bring off their first-choice goalkeeper Kelle Roos after two minutes to circumvent the competition's selection rules that bring a £5,000 fine if broken.
Furthermore, HLA-class I-presented antigens were injected at different sites in order to circumvent the competition for antigen-loaded dendritic cells.
In some species, however, small males have evolved alternative mating tactics such as sneakers, satellites or patrollers, to circumvent direct male male competition and increase their mating success (Gross, 1996; Taborsky, Oliveira & Brockman, 2008).
In the immigration detention context, private prisons have circumvented open market competition for federal dollars by contracting with local governments who in turn contract with the federal government.
It serves to level the playing field so that countries cannot use extraordinary financing to circumvent product-to-product competition.
Conversely, ginkgotoxin-induced seizures do not involve the binding to neurotransmitter receptors or ion channels, circumventing the concern for the competition between seizure-inducing agents and tested compounds.
Experimental evolution has shown that this trade-off between limited dispersal and increased local competition can be circumvented when cooperators disperse in small aggregated groups (Kümmerli et al. 2009), thus keeping relatedness high and allowing the colonization of new patches where competition is low.
