Isolates with slight differences in gene content belonging to a same strain were carried by more than one family member, suggesting that circulation of strains between different hosts makes a significant contribution to the genomic diversity of H. pylori.
Some of the alleles in the family strains were phylogenetically distinguishable, which allowed us to demonstrate conclusively the circulation of strains and the genetic exchange between family strains and confirming the intrafamilial dissemination of H. pylori.
Detailed phylogenetic analysis of strains belonging to a few prevalent serotypes showed that NP-AFP is associated with circulation of strains belonging to different genogroups and subgenogroups of a serotype in widely separated geographic regions of the country.
If immunization with a MenB vaccine were to influence nasopharyngeal carriage, a mass immunization campaign of adolescents and young adults, the age of peak nasopharyngeal carriage, may reduce circulation of strains covered by the vaccine leading to reduced rates of disease (i.e., herd immunity).
Surveillance studies performed in isolates from avian and environmental samples, and from human cases in the Guangdong province, showed sustained co-circulation of strains from the Eastern and Southern clusters in some areas [ 10].
The evidence of recombination among pre-/early-vaccination era MV strains and the lack of detection of recombination among post-vaccination era MV strains are consistent with the shift in epidemiology from a situation of co-circulation of strains in populations to a bottleneck situation with incidental introduction of a single strain to a susceptible sub-population of a geographical region.
Therefore, this study shows that the predominance of NV infections in Taiwan is a pandemic and may indicate the circulation of this strain in this region.
The weak DEN-2 outbreak was proposed to be a result of the circulation of a strain with an inherently low level of virulence [ 21].
The high genetic similarity in ORF1 and ORF2 among the 5 HEV isolates supports a point-source outbreak and not sustained local circulation of this strain.
Hospital circulation of the strain was interrupted by implementation of infection control measures, although infections continued to occur in the community.
