The interviews with the different actors allowed us to trace the circulation of RDB populations to almost 30 years back.
In conclusion, the present study indicates the circulation of genetically diverse populations of TuPV and ChPV in Polish turkey and chicken flocks.
On the other hand, with decreasing circulation of HAV in population as a result of mass HA vaccination and improvement of sanitation, the chance of subclinical HAV infection is getting rarer and one cannot rely on booster effect of subclinical infection for longer term of vaccine protection.
Age-specific data show that antibody prevalence rises with age, suggesting intermittent but regular exposure in the wildlife populations; however, circulation of the virus within and between the populations of each wildlife species is also possible.
The circulation of pathogens within wild populations may be influenced by artificial management, and notably by fencing, translocations, and feeding.
Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between the host response and emergence of new variant strains and the dynamics of strain circulation within populations both locally and globally.
In addition, as a small mRNA virus, OPV can lose its attenuating mutations and vaccine-related viruses revert back toward WPV to become a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), which occurs in the context of prolonged circulation in populations with high susceptibility and can lead to outbreaks [ 12].
Hope-Simpson hypothesised that HZ incidence increases when circulation of VZV in the population decreases (Hope-Simpson, 1965).
The close genetic relationship suggests a continuous circulation of a homologous CHIKV population in Central Africa with a high degree of genetic stability.
In particular, outbreaks of pneumococcal carriage in day care centres cause an amplifying effect that contributes in maintaining circulation of pneumococci in the population.
