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The privately circulated manuscript was authored by three academics at the University of California-Berkeley. Ed and I were stunned by its vicious tone.
A notable exception to this claim was the Epicurean cosmology resembling some aspects of Lucretius' poem, developed by the French philosophe Benôit de Maillet (1656 1738) in his privately circulated manuscript Telliamed that was known in French circles for ten years before its publication in 1748.
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This remained largely true throughout the Middle Ages, although references to the collecting of books as objects proliferate toward the end of the manuscript era (from the 14th to the 15th century), as literacy rates rose and manuscripts became more common: in his Philobiblon (completed and first circulated in manuscript form in 1344, first printed in 1473; "The Love of Books," Eng. trans.
Góngora was always successful with his lighter poetry the romances, letrillas, and sonnets but his longer works, the Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea (circulated in manuscript in 1613; "Fable of Polyphemus and Galatea") and the Soledades (circulated in manuscript in 1613; "Solitudes"), written in an intensely difficult and purposely complex style, provoked the scorn and enmity of many.
And printing did not end manuscript book production; collections like the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington have many works that still circulated in manuscript into the 17th century.
His poems were circulated in manuscript and learned by heart by his parishioners.
His An Epistle of Comfort was printed secretly in 1587; other letters circulated in manuscript.
Treatises were circulated in manuscript, comments and objections were solicited, and a vast polemical correspondence was built up.
We know that they were being circulated in manuscript when Shakespeare was a youngish man—Francis Meres, in 1598, refers to the poet's "sugred sonnets among his private friends".
In 1943 Genet had been discovered and launched by Cocteau, who arranged for Our Lady of the Flowers to be published and who circulated the manuscript among many important Parisian writers and taste-makers.
As a poet, Sheffield is chiefly remembered for An Essay Upon Poetry (1682) and An Essay on Satire (circulated in manuscript in 1679 but not published until later).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com