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The circular transaction allows Greece to avoid defaulting on its bonds, which would also create losses at the central bank.
A result of these series of trades was a circular transaction, the records indicate, in which many of the obligations created by the trade were simply canceled.
Likewise, the coinsurance contracts did not provide adequate risk distribution for Reserve Mechanical because the risk assumed by PoolRe was simply re-ceded back to the other captives of Capstone clients, including Reserve Mechanical, i.e., it too in effect was a circular transaction.
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Michael Rigas, former operations vice president for Adelphia Communications, knew about fake circular transactions with two suppliers and did nothing to prevent them, a former company executive testified yesterday.
Mr. Brown, Mr. Grand said, was the only witness who said Timothy Rigas engaged in a scheme to create sham, circular transactions with two suppliers of cable set-top boxes, Motorola and Scientific-Atlanta.
The company, which was based in Ieper, Belgium, and Burlington, Mass., created bogus customers, booked circular transactions with shell companies and recorded loans as sales from 1996 to 2000, the S.E.C. said.
The amended complaint makes additional allegations, including that two former employees of an unidentified financial institution observed "nearly daily circular transactions" between an account that Mr. Madoff controlled at their employer and his account at JPMorgan.
In particular, the court found that the transactions' "circular flow of money" precluded Exelon from having any real investment in the plants, despite using its own funds (as opposed to borrowed funds in a traditional SILO) to finance the headlease payments.
A tax tribunal heard that the scheme involved a series of circular and self-cancelling transactions resulting in the creation of assets and disposals which somehow managed to generate a loss of £11m and thus cancelled out the profit.
"You should guard against the ML/TF risks by increased vigilance in assessing the ML/TF risks of customers as well as monitoring and detecting unusual or suspicious transactions," a circular from the Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department reads.
In 1836 Jackson had issued an executive order called the Specie Circular which demanded that all land transactions in the United States be conducted in cash.
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