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In Finland alone circular solutions could provide €2bn-3bn (£1.7bn-2.6bn) added value annually.
Startups like RePack and MaaS Global are already exploring the next level of circular solutions.
For radially symmetric kernels we expect stationary circular solutions.
The dotted branches are circular solutions unstable to uniform changes of size.
The zeros of the first derivative of E L i a p. with respect to R give the stationary circular solutions, including the trivial case R = 0, as expected.
In order to obtain circular solutions we use the standard parametrization of a circle for the contour and write r = R [ sin θ 1 − cos θ ], n = [ sin θ − cos θ ], θ ∈ [ 0, 2 π ). (36). Hence the right hand side of (33) can be calculated using ∮ ∂ B d s ′ n ( s ′ ) ⋅ R i ( s, s ′ ) = 1 α i ∫ 0 2 π d θ K 1 [ α i R ] R R 2 ( 1 − cos θ ), (37).
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However, the resulting integrals of the nonuniform circular solution for displacements and stresses cannot be given in closed form; hence, numerical integrations are required.
For the specific type of semi-circular tunnel the distribution of stresses and displacements around the tunnel periphery predicted by the analytical model are compared with those of the FLAC2D numerical model, as well as, with Kirsch's "circular" solution.
Furthermore, the circular solution in the membrane module could flush away the adsorbed metaborate on the Pt NPs, preventing passivation of the Pt NPs and increasing the accessibility of the active sites.
Dashed branches indicate azimuthal instabilities of different modes m which deform the circular solution.
For a circular solution of radius R ψ is conveniently written as ψ ( r ) = ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 R w ( | r − r ′ | ) r ′ d r ′ d θ, r = ( r, θ ).
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com