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In each figure, the rectangles represent the observed variables; the ovals, latent factors; and the circles, measurement errors or residuals.
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Before dying at the age of 87, he told his son that all his writings should be burned, except for his mathematical treatise on circle measurements.
Similar methods (with a slightly different notation) were well known to Li Ye, and his Ceyuan haijing ("Sea Mirror of Circle Measurements"), written only one year after Qin completed his book, takes the search for the root of equations for granted.
Li Ye's book also contains a method, unknown to Qin Jiushao, that seems to have flourished in North China for some decades before Li completed "Sea Mirror of Circle Measurements".
c The red circles are measurement results of the velocity versus applied driving electric field in the fluid for 33 individual 5-μm-diameter PS particles.
The observed variables are represented as rectangles; ellipses represent the unobserved variables and the circles represent measurement error.
Figure 4 Cellulose hydrolysis, a) reduction of cellulose chad thickness ('black circle') and measurement of planktonic cell concentration ('white circle') over time; and the cellulose chad morphology b) before and c) after 72 h incubation.
Circles are measurements while dashed lines are predictions.
The red open circles are measurements of 0.5 mm rods with 7 V etching voltage.
The red circles are measurements of a simulation run on Titan with 320 nodes.
The curve corresponds to the calculation of the eigenfunction for the amplitude of internal waves; the circles show measurements at the easternmost mooring.
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