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A second mechanism is an increase in the levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in US cigarettes over time [ 8, 32].
Trends in individual smoking behaviour were significantly different, with a tendency to increase the number of smoked cigarettes over time in 45% in Bosnian migrant smokers versus 40% in Turkish migrant smokers and only 24% in Austrian smokers without a migration background.
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The importance of particular countries as origins for smuggled cigarettes changed over time.
This underestimate can be corrected by adjusting for the duration of smoking after 1972 (Burns et al., submitted) suggesting that the increase in risk may be related to changes in the characteristics of the cigarettes smoked over time.
In contrast, the risk of smoking for adenocarcinoma has increased and the prediction of birth cohort specific rates is enhanced by adjusting for an increasing toxicity of the cigarettes smoked over time.
During the period covered by the study, average daily consumption and smoking prevalence has been declining and TC efforts have increased, with both the tobacco control score and weighted average price of a packet of 20 cigarettes increasing over time (Figs 1).
"People change over time.
We propose several research questions (RQ, below) for the network and content analyses of GLOBALink messages regarding e-cigarettes: RQ1: What is the pattern of activity in e-cigarette discussions over time?
Certainly, the co-use of cigarettes and hookah and the simultaneous increase in prevalence of hookah use and decrease in prevalence of cigarette use over time suggest that governments should consider how to limit non-traditional tobacco use among youth, despite challenges associated with regulating non-cigarette tobacco products [ 29].
These findings could be due to the decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked per day (O'Connor et al. 2006; Pierce et al. 2011) and to changes in cigarette composition over time (Hoffmann et al. 2001; Scherer and Barkemeyer 1983).
We have used a well-established time-series methodology to assess cigarette consumption over time.
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