It is conceivable that the observed relationship with reduced concreteness only applies to chronic forms of rumination, as the negative findings in Study 2 were obtained only 2 weeks after the event, when the event may have been very prominent on all participants' minds.
Individuals suffering from anorexia and bulimia nervosa, rumination, chronic alcoholism or gastro-oesophageal reflux are at risk of erosive tooth wear caused by intrinsic acid and certain occupations are also conducive to erosive tooth wear such as professional wine tasting and industrial work involving exposure to acidic vapours or dust.
Correlational studies have shown that trauma-related rumination predicts chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Hypersalivation also occurs in advance of vomiting as a response from the 'vomiting center' of the brain [ 56], as frequently seen in individuals suffering from anorexia and bulimia nervosa, rumination or chronic alcoholism.
In addition to other characteristic symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), such as chronic doubt, repetitive controlling, ruminations, and reduced behavioral flexibility [1], a number of neuropsychological studies have revealed altered memory functions [2] [7] and executive dysfunction [8] [14].
Earlier research has illustrated its effectiveness in treating anxiety, rumination, and, importantly, chronic depression.
In contrast, gender, fewer chronic conditions, mental health, personality (rumination) and a single item assessing the impact of health on activity differentiated occasional and persistent FAs.
It is noteworthy that others have begun to develop a program to integrate mindfulness training with CBT-I, the current gold standard non-pharmacological treatment for chronic insomnia, considering reduced arousal and rumination, and enhanced emotion regulation specific benefits of mindfulness training likely to make CBT-I more potent [ 43].
Systematic training of these functions through meditation may be particularly helpful in patients suffering from chronic depression where vulnerability processes such as rumination are likely to have acquired a habitual and automatic character and are more likely to occur when cognitive control is undermined.
For example, symptoms related to perseverative thinking (rumination and dwelling) and mood disturbance (chronic sad mood or anxious mood) might show more response than symptoms such as sleep and appetite disturbance.
In a study by Saile and Scalla [17], children with chronic headache showed more dysfunctional stress coping strategies (rumination, resignation, aggression) and reported less positive self-instructions compared to children without headache.
