Infection with HDV can be an acute or chronic process that occurs only in patients with an HBV infection.
Disc degeneration (DD) is a multifaceted chronic process that alters the structure and function of the intervertebral discs and can lead to painful conditions.
The dry type is a chronic process marked by slight redness of the skin and dry scaling that may involve the sole and sides of the foot as well as the toenails, which become thick and brittle.
There is bony scalloping but no significant marrow oedema, suggesting a chronic process.
Although spondylolysis is usually a chronic process, the onset of symptoms can be acute [18].
Regarding migraine, the pain genesis may embrace the acute and chronic process, such as EM and CM.
The mechanisms underlying the progression of migraine from an episodic to a chronic process are poorly understood, and the development of new therapies for chronic migraine has been slow, in part due to the lack of clinically relevant animal models.
Mural stratification due to intramural oedema is more indicative of active disease compared to a homogeneously enhanced wall, while the presence of submucosal fat indicates a more chronic process.
(Fig. 10a, b and c) is usually a mark of extensive disease and reflects a chronic process (present insidiously over months), which has been reported to have less favorable therapeutic outcomes as compared to the acute form [41, 42, 43, 44].
Substance abuse is by nature a dynamic and chronic process, and this variability may explain discordant findings in other studies [32], [38], [50] [52].
