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However, there was no clear relationship to known chronic pathogenicity.
It can be therefore assumed that there is a highly dynamic system of extensive crosstalk between TLRs and their bacterial ligands to make up a scenario of complex host cellular processes leading to persistent colonization and chronic pathogenicity.
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It is suggested that the favorably altered stools as shown in the microbiome might promote the inflammation and proteinuria in ADR-sensitive mice, which provides a new insight on the pathogenicity of chronic kidney disease.
Finally, we suggest that the role of HBoV should be investigated through histologic examination of mucosa biopsy specimens (e.g., from patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases) to confirm pathogenicity.
Future research should focus on population characteristics, determination of risk factors for acquisition of bacterial bronchial infection, pathogenicity mechanisms of chronic bronchial infection and possible prevention and treatment strategies.
Classic studies had demonstrated that the Y strain is connected with reticulotropism and increased virulence in the acute phase of the infection, whereas the Colombiana strain is connected with cardiomyotropism and pathogenicity in the chronic phase [ 21– 21].
Many studies have shown that in pulmonary colonization with B. cepacia complex, the outcome varies considerably, from a rapid fatal decline in lung function and bacteremia to an acceleration of pulmonary function decline or to chronic asymptomatic infection, suggesting that pathogenicity within B. cepacia complex varies [ 12].
Davis et al. (1986) reported on the only chronic inhalation study that evaluated the pathogenicity of long versus short amosite asbestos.
However, these strains are rarely isolated from chronic wounds (22, 23) and their pathogenicity is low in this setting; accordingly, some PVL+ strains isolated from grade 1 ulcers were healed 1 month later.
Chronic ER stress is associated with the pathogenicity of several neurodegenerative diseases linked to protein misfolding [1].
In addition, two B. cenocepacia isolates (AU1482 and AU1107) of the same strain type as the most virulent strain (HI2424, strain PHDC) but isolated from a longer-term, chronic infection were avirulent, which suggests that nematode pathogenicity may be lost during chronic infection or simply that these relatively avirulent strains could be more prone to cause long-term chronic infection.
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