Based on his past history of recurrent VL, including central nervous system involvement, his bilateral chronic granulomatous anterior uveitis with exudative retinal detachment was attributed to presumed ocular leishmaniasis, and he was started on sodium stibogluconate treatment.
Given that exudative AMD is a chronic disease, its treatment should be assumed to be long term.
Hard exudates and an exudative retinal detachment extended to the fovea.
However, in the case presented here, there are multiple possibilities for the underlying mechanism of the macular hole development, such as the pathological changes in the subretinal condition including CNV and the RPE, the chronic progression of vitreous modifications due to exudative changes caused by AMD, and intravitreal injections, which cause a sticky ERM and ILM changes.
All four red squirrels, with gross lesions, showed multifocal moderate to severe chronic periorbital, nasal, perioral or buccal ulcerative and exudative dermatitis.
Both acute and chronic hypotony may result in hypotony maculopathy, optic nerve edema, exudative retinal detachment and choroidal folds, although acute cases are more likely to be reversible and less likely to be associated with phthisis bulbi [ 2].
Given the varying mechanisms, intensity, and cost of different therapies, it is conceivable that future combinations will employ some modalities in the acute exudative phase of CNV (eg, VEGF inhibitors, PDT) and others in the chronic, convalescent phase (eg, anecortave acetate, corticosteroids).
Sympathetic ophthalmia presents with posterior inflammation that may include optic nerve swelling, exudative retinal detachment, and anterior granulomatous inflammation with mutton-fat keratic precipitates in severe and/or chronic recurrent cases [1, 2].
Depending on the presence of exudates, AMD is classified into dry AMD (non-exudative AMD) and wet AMD (exudative AMD).
