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In prometaphase the nuclear envelope breaks down (in many but not all eukaryotes) and the chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle.
Proper meiotic chromosome segregation requires three key events that modulate how chromosomes interact with each other and with the microtubule cytoskeleton: (1) recombination between homologous chromosomes, (2) the way linkages between sister chromatids, known as sister-chromatid cohesion, are removed from chromosomes and (3) the manner in which chromosomes attach to the meiotic spindle.
When chromosomes attach properly to a mitotic spindle, their kinetochores generate force in opposite directions, creating tension.
Human chromosomes attach initially to lateral walls of microtubules.
Following meiosis I, the remaining chromosomes attach to a MII spindle, which then arrests in metaphase II.
During cell division, chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules at sites called kinetochores, and force generated at the kinetochore-microtubule interface is the main driver of chromosome movement.
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Chromosomes attached to a peeling microtubule are physically pulled along.
Furthermore, this strain grows slowly, and pre-anaphase cells contain a high proportion of monopolar chromosomes attached to only one spindle pole [34].
In many abnormal spindles, bundles of microtubules were seen scattered with chromosomes attached to them (see arrows in Figure 2b').
Some microtubules attach to the chromosomes, whilst others are responsible for pushing apart the two poles and the chromosomes attached to them to the opposite sides of the cell before it divides.
This observation is rather surprising, and the mechanism by which chromosomes attached to a single spindle pole end up on different sides of the neck remains to be elucidated.
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