Mice were first trained to acquire the basic visual discrimination task in which, on each trial, one randomly chosen arm among the five open arms was baited and remained lit until an arm-choice was made.
Each mouse was allowed to make a free choice between the two goal arms; after its tail had cleared the door of the chosen arm, the door was closed, and the mouse was allowed to explore the arm for 30 s.
For T1-T4, the mouse started the task from a different randomly chosen arm, excluding the arm with the platform.
Two measures were chosen: arm volume from circumference and extra-cellular fluid from BIS.
Prior to fixing the cuff, the widest circumference (cm) on the chosen arm and leg will be determined.
The mouse was confined to the chosen arm for the duration of the delay period (20, 40, or 60 s).
The mice received a further 24 trials (with an inter-choice interval of 5 s) in which the same three out of six arms were baited, but now they were no longer prevented from re-entering a previously chosen arm.
Then, a quick stabpuncture was made with a sterile lancet on the thumb of the chosen arm and the freely flowing blood was collected in two plain standard-sized heparinised capillary tubes without squeezing the thumb, until each was 75% full [ 6].
The beginning of the DM period was defined as the timestamp when the central barriers were removed; the end of the DM period was considered as the timestamp in which the distance between the animal and the end of the chosen arm started to decrease monotonically (Fig. 1B).
But while they chose armed resistance from exile in the so-called front-line states bordering what was then Rhodesia, Mr. Tsvangirai became a labor union leader, defending workers' rights and rising through the ranks.
Frederick William, as duke of Prussia, owed fealty to the Polish king, but, when offered an alliance by Sweden in return for control over the East Prussian ports, the Elector chose armed neutrality.
