Controllability refers to "driver" nodes that have a large influence on the state of a system [ 167]; observability is almost complementary, focusing on a small set of appropriately chosen observation nodes whose properties allow reconstruction of the global system state [ 168].
Figure 2 provides a comparison between the Rayleigh distribution and the envelope PDF of the SOC model in [41] evaluated at three randomly chosen observation time instants t1, t2, and t3.
When calculation of entry capacity - or whatever efficiency measures - at roundabouts, for a chosen observation period, is performed, steadiness and variability in traffic demand, as well as saturated or oversaturated conditions of one or more entries, have to be specified.
Then, similar to an optical holography, the diffraction of wavefronts from the recoded hologram is computed and numerically propagated along the reconstruction distance to any chosen observation plane with a computer system.
We believe that this could be the result of the chosen observation window, dosage, or method of administration (subcutaneous vs. intravenous) rather than a genuine difference in intrinsic therapeutic mechanisms.
To calculate the number of TH-immunoreactive primary neurons on each coverslip, TH-positive cells in at least ten randomly chosen observation fields were counted in each of three independent cultures derived from three individuals for each experimental condition.
Expression [6] generalizes similar relations in the TSIR literature by casting them in terms of new cases over arbitrarily chosen observation intervals τ, not necessarily coinciding with the average generation time γ−1.
This phenomenon reveals that the G1/S transition model either has some parameters that are insensitive to the chosen observation, or they are non-identifiable parameters [ 36, 37].
ROC calculates the area under the curve (AUC) which represents the probability that a randomly chosen observation will be correctly classified.
They concluded that papillary microcarcinomas do not frequently become clinically apparent, and that patients can choose observation while their tumours are not progressing, although they are pathologically multifocal and involve lymph nodes with high incidence.
