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Combination of these agents synergistically increased cancer-specific cytotoxic activity through stimulation of JNK and CHOP stress signaling pathways and activation of the proapoptotic protein Bim.
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The most recent data support that the PERK-ATF4-CHOP stress signalling pathway is important in β-cell apoptosis (Fig. 3).
Furthermore, we detected decreased transcript levels for some (BiP, Atf4 and Atf6), but not all (CHOP), ER stress-related genes tested in Col4a1 +/G658D MEFs (Supplementary Material, Fig. S1B).
In addition, the levels of C/EBP homolog protein (CHOP; ER stress-related protein), eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF -2 α, phosphorylateIF -2tein kinase-like ER kinase (p-PERK), Bcl2/adenovirus E1B-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), and Beclin 1/autophagy-related gene 6 (ATG6) were significantly increased.
PERK /– and AFT4 /– MEFs and eIF2 α (Ser51Ala) knock-in MEFs are hypersensitive to ER-stress-induced apoptosis although, they fail to induce Chop during ER stress.
The expression of Chop, an ER stress marker of apoptosis remained the same, suggesting that chronic glucose treatment causes mild ER stress but not cell death (Fig. 1A).
The phosphorylation of eIF2α triggers ATF4 mRNA translation, which is known to up-regulate the expression of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP in cellular stress context [33].
During ER stress, Chop also regulates the genes that involved in apoptosis and protein synthesis.
Overexpression of transcriptional activator CHOP during ER stress leads to p53-independent upregulation of PUMA.
CUGBP activity, LIP, and CHOP are cellular stress responsive and induced by TNFα.
Salubrinal promoted the activation of the PERK pathway, as exemplified by the overexpression of CHOP during metabolic stress.
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