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In particular, the choice of benchmark used to relatively rank employees may result in responses that are not beneficial and lead to inefficient use of resources.
We compared batch-calculated BMD/Ls based on a standardized, guidance-driven choice of benchmark responses and models with BMD/Ls based on chemical-specific decisions made by different assessors and at different times.
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This reflects the choice of benchmarking between the models.
For comparison purposes, the figures for the Netherlands take free choice of physician as the benchmark.
However, the choice of performance measures and benchmark remain different from one researcher to another.
The choice of CEEC as a benchmark relies on the fact that they share similar institutions with the host country and are generally seen as a reference group in the assimilation patterns in most countries 17.
The question is, how high the inter-tester reproducibility coefficient should be for the extent of agreement to be considered good enough, and since the choice of classification scale and benchmark inevitably will be arbitrary, one should always interpret kappa in relation to the prevalence, the overall agreement and the bias [ 11].
This result justifies also our choice of primary education as the benchmark in our turnout equation.
This suggests that the choice of the representative investor's benchmark portfolio should in the end not make a big difference.
Hence, generating simulated data derived from theoretical considerations is still the method of choice for constructing benchmark datasets and for conducting performance studies on individual methods.
15 Further potentially important factors are the treatment of wages in the estimation procedure (Löffler et al. 2014) and the choice of the reference tax system for the benchmark.
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