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In the choice condition, children could choose between retrieval, decomposition to 10, and counting on.
Our search of the literature resulted in 34 empirical articles describing 32 unique clinical trials that either randomized some clients to an active choice condition (shared decision making condition or choice of treatment) or assessed client preferences.
Children chose freely when to apply which strategy in the choice condition, but not in the no-choice conditions for mental and written calculation, so strategy performance could be assessed unbiasedly.
Compared with a free choice condition, participants reduced their portion sizes when considering eating for health or pleasure, which was accompanied by increased activity in left prefrontal cortex and left orbitofrontal cortex, respectively.
We found that vmPFC was more activated during the outcome phase in the no-choice than in the choice condition, potentially confirming the role of this area in stimulus-based (more than action-based) value processing.
Therefore, a decision-making factor (choice vs. no choice condition) was also implemented in the present paradigm to distinguish stimulus-based versus action-based value coding in the mPFC during both decision and outcome phase.
Similar(32)
Results showed that gains in performance were larger in the open-ended than multiple-choice condition.
One participant's data in the confidence-weighted multiple-choice condition and one participant's data in the standard multiple-choice condition were excluded from analysis because these individuals did not follow instructions.
Initial test scores for participants in the standard multiple-choice condition and the confidence-weighted multiple-choice condition are not directly comparable, as they are calculated in different ways.
In the standard multiple-choice condition, performance on the test of the first passage (M = 7, SD = 2.05) did not differ significantly from that on the second passage [M = 7.43, SD = 1.83; t(36) = −1.37, p = .18].18]
Additionally, participants in the confidence-weighted multiple-choice condition were shown a series of statements (see Appendix for a complete list) regarding their opinions of the initial confidence-weighted tests.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com