Exact(3)
The raspberry sounds and extended grunt vocalizations used by the chimpanzees in this study are novel and have been acquired through inadvertent instrumental conditioning associated with the prolonged captivity experienced by these animals.
Even though the interhemispheric asymmetries in the corticospinal tracts detected in chimpanzees in this study are qualitatively similar to those reported in humans, with a leftward bias in FA and a right-anterior shift in the anatomical position of the tract, it is still possible that human corticospinal tracts are more asymmetrical than those of chimpanzees.
It was concluded that chimpanzees in this study did not have a concept of support as a form of physical connection, but are able to make fine-scaled perceptual judgements about contact (Povinelli 2000, p. 269, l. 18 22).
Similar(57)
A complimentary study of the ecological niche differentiation in these populations shows that the demes of chimpanzees found in this study also occupy significantly different niches [ 53], suggesting that environmental variation contributes to driving the differentiation of these populations.
Although Karin-D'Arcy and Povinelli (2002) could not replicate this finding, the chimpanzees in that study competed in a much smaller space than those in the original study.
We used an ecological niche model (ENM) of chimpanzees specifically created for chimpanzees in the study region [ 33] that was created using a maximum entropy method applied in the program MAXENT [ 67] to approximate chimpanzee occurrence.
While a previous census estimated a population of ~70 chimpanzees in the study region [ 54], we obtained population size estimates of 256 and 319, more than tripling this previous estimate.
Initially, the MRI scans of 8 chimpanzees (subjects included in this study) were placed in stereotaxic orientation using AFNI software and then averaged together into a single image.
Six pairs of chimpanzees voluntarily participated in this study; three mother-offspring pairs (Ai-Ayumu, Chloe-Cleo, and Pan-Pal; in the order of mother-offspring) and three non-kin adult female pairs (Pendesa-Puchi, Pendesa-Mari, and Puchi-Mari; in the order of dominant-subordinate).
All chimpanzee individuals used in this study belonged to the eastern chimpanzee population.
Hence, 216 human genomes plus the genomes of Neanderthal and chimpanzee were used in this study.
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