In this cross-sectional study, we found that hyperuricemia is positively associated with BMI, drinking, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and proteinuria, but negatively associated with old age (≧60 y/o), betel nut chewing, and diabetes mellitus.
Finally, we further analyzed the data for men who were self-classified as non-drinkers, occasional drinkers, and frequent drinkers with adjustment of age, smoking, betel nut chewing, hypertension, diabetes, anemia, hyperlipidemia, body mass index, hyperuricemia, and proteinuria.
a: The adjusted odds ratios were measured controlling for age, BMI, betel nut chewing, smoking, alcohol intake, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, mixed hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease and proteinuria.
They are also used as a carbohydrate replacement for persons with diabetes and in chewing gum and candies to prevent dental caries (i.e., tooth decay).
The literature also shows that risk factors associated with tooth loss in adults include age, female sex, lower educational level [ 11– 13], poor oral hygiene [ 12, 14], high blood pressure, high fasting blood glucose (FBG), obesity [ 5, 15, 16], betel nut chewing, cigarette smoking [ 17, 18], diabetes mellitus [ 19– 21], and unhealthy diet [ 1].
In addition, trend analysis indicated that alcohol consumption seemed to be associated with lower odds of CKD in both men and women; also in men regardless of age, diabetes status, tobacco smoking, and BN chewing.
However, till date, there is no report of betel nut chewing being associated with or increasing the risk of type 1 diabetes and associated hyperglycemia, in men.
Table 4 depicts the association between betel nut chewing and hyperuricemia by stratified levels of age and BMI, and subjects with and without diabetes and hypertension.
