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With the negative electrode attached to the right infraclavicular region, voltage variations on the chest surface exhibit larger excursions than do the usual unipolar leads.
For PMRT, if the chest surface and wall are treated adequately, at least 3 mm bolus should be added to the chest wall when tangential beams and 6-MV photon energy are arranged.
Even if inspiratory flow rate and tidal volume are held constant, several factors influence the acoustic power of the breath sound signal reaching a chest surface sensor when lung aeration changes.
Several studies have affirmed that the absence of lung sliding on the anterior chest surface of a non-intubated, spontaneously breathing trauma patient can be used as a diagnostic sign of pneumothorax [96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101].
In the collapsed region, the smaller acoustic impedance mismatch at the boundary between lung parenchyma and chest wall allows for enhanced transfer of sound energy to the chest surface.
Prior research has shown that an externally introduced sound signal can be used to monitor progress and regress of lung injury by calculating its transfer function magnitude and wave speed as it traverses from the airways onto the chest surface [3],[5].
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For volume computation, the chest wall surface was approximated by 182 triangles connecting the markers.
Images were obtained using a five-element chest array surface coil with two anterior and three posterior elements.
During volume control ventilation with a square inspiratory flow waveform, peak inspiratory flow (PIF) is immediately followed by peak expiratory flow (PEF) and, as such, the separation of peak inspiratory (I) and expiratory (E) lung vibrations as transmitted to the chest wall surface was minimal or absent consistently.
"It's like you had the chest open and were recording electrical activity from the surface of the heart".
The thoracoscope permits examination of the chest cavity and surface of the lungs through a small incision between the ribs.
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