Most pretreatment technologies are either physical (e.g., size comminution, steam explosion and hydro-thermolysis) or chemical, utilizing organic solvents, acids or alkalis [ 2- 4].
Chemicals utilized, design capacity, and monthly effluent concentrations are presented in this study.
All the chemicals utilized were of AR grade without any further purification (from Sigma-Aldrich).
The chemicals utilized were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich and the purity checked by TLC (thin layer chromatography).
All other required chemicals utilized in the experiments, were of analytical reagent grade and were purchased from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India.
In addition, Fair Trade and Sustainable Agriculture Network SANN) standards prohibit the use of many of the most toxic chemicals utilized in conventional pineapple production.[xxxv] Pineapples produced under these certification requirements are far better for the local people, the environment, and consumers.
The chemicals utilized as a part of the research were acquired from E. Merck, Mumbai, India, of analytical grade and glasswares were completely cleaned with 10% HNO3, and finally cleaned with water before the utilization.
Manganese chloride (MnCl2.4H2O), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), 4-nitrophenol, ammonium hydroxide (25%), Ethyl cellulose (EC), Disodium phosphate, Butyl carbitol acetate (BCA), Ethanol, Monosodium phosphate, and all chemicals utilized were of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Company.
All the other chemicals utilized in this study were of the highest analytical grade used.
