The Si substrates were initially treated by a chemical cleaning process, which involves degreasing, HNO3 boiling, NH4OH boiling (alkali treatment), HCl boiling (acid treatment), rinsing in deionized water, and blow-drying with nitrogen, proposed by Ishizaka and Shiraki, to remove contaminants [24].
Chemical synthesis of l-DOPA is a time-consuming process which involves several chemicals that are extremely costly and requires catalysts that are not ecofriendly [13, 19].
The degradation of documents made of parchment — which is mainly composed of collagen — is a complex process, which involves the chemical oxidative deterioration of amino acid chains and hydrolytic cleavage of the peptide structure.
The actual fracking process – which involves pumping water, sand and chemicals underground at high pressure to release natural gas – will take about six weeks.
The calculation of GWP is an extremely complicated process which involves interactions between surface and atmosphere such as atmospheric radiative transfer and atmospheric chemical reactions.
More than twenty years later, in 1970, it was Pindborg [ 40] who gave the often cited definition of erosion as being superficial loss of dental hard tissue by a chemical process which does not involve bacteria.
This is necessary, especially for those processes which involve chemical chain reactions or other complex reaction systems where the decision variables are strongly critical to the question of whether there is a monotony or not.
In chemical engineering, fluid mechanics is a tool for the successful design of processes, which involve heat and mass transfer as well as chemical reactions.
A small amount of industrial production involves wet chemical processes, which start with aqueous solutions of purified zinc salts, from which zinc carbonate or zinc hydroxide is precipitated.
The process involves a range of chemical processes which have been known to give off a rotten egg smell.
